Information regarding Goodwin's theory and other further reading was sourced from the PDF version of the Goodwin's 1992 book and an online piece about the book by the University of Minnesota Press, PDF:http://www.stibamalang.com/uploadbank/pustaka/MKDU/MUSIC%20TV%20POP%20ANDREW.pdf
University of Minnesota Press: https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/dancing-in-the-distraction-factory
The following Slideshare projects were also used as an additional source of research for this information:
1. Music Videos are used to demonstrate the characteristics of genres
This is where music videos are similar based on the fact that the genre of music that they use are the same. For example, the genre of Rock generally stars music videos with people performing on stage as is the case with AC/DC's 'Shoot to Thrill' and Guns N' Roses' 'Sweet Child O' Mine'.
2. There is a relationship between the lyrics in a music video and its visuals
This is where the lyrics in the song itself are actually depicted in the music video in some form. This is shown in Daft Punk's 'Harder Better Faster' where the characters on screen are being physically improved and changed. This is also present in Hozier's 'Take Me To Church' where the homosexual male is being dragged by the gang to be executed. This acts as a metaphor for the lyrics in the video.
3.There is a relationship in music videos between the music and visuals
This is where the music itself (for example style and tempo in the music) effect the video. This is shown in songs like Katy Perry's 'Dark Horse' where there is a 'punchy' and tightly cut style to the music which is shown in the video by the short and tight cuts in the video as well as the characters stamping the staffs in the video to match the music. This is also shown in Calvin Harris' 'This Is What You Came For ft. Rihanna' as he music is quite brash and fast as is the visuals that change often and use quite strong colors.
4. The demands of the recording label have an influence on the music video
This is where recording labels often spend vast amounts of money to employ famous celebrities to star in their music video and will try to promote this person in many close ups. This can be seen in artists like Lady Gaga who has many close ups in
music videos such as 'Bad Romance', 'Poker Face' and 'Paparazzi'.
music videos such as 'Bad Romance', 'Poker Face' and 'Paparazzi'.
5. There is frequent reference to the notion of looking
This is where the music videos are often focused on a single artist who wear clothing and make up that is quite eye catching to enhance the focus on them from the audience. There is also a strong inclusion of the notion of looking that include screens, mirrors and stages where focus is further enhanced. There is also voyeuristic treatment of the female body that is used as a selling point for heterosexual audiences that find this appealing. This is present in music videos such as Miley Cyrus' 'Wrecking ball' where she is the center of attention and is nude in the video. This is supported by Laura Mulvey's theory about the Male Gaze where the focus of imagery is on the woman.
6. There are intertextual references in music videos
This is where music videos make references in their imagery to other media products such as in film/other music videos and TV programmes. This is present in Destiny's Child's 'Independent Women' which references the 2000 film 'Charlie's Angels' which is a remake of the TV show by the same name.